This is a major issue because of legislation already in place and planned, and worldwide sensitivity to aspects such as global warming and the effect of pollutant emissions on health (particularly in urban areas). The UK is targeting CO2 reductions to achieve its commitment to the Kyoto protocol. The ACEA fleet average CO2 voluntary targets of 140g/km fleet average for 2008 coupled with the UK requirement of 10% new car sales in 2012 emitting < 100g/km is driving development into this sector. Although no targets are set yet for commercial and off-road vehicles, the industry is likewise expected to achieve significant CO2 reductions from these vehicles as part of the UK commitment. In Europe, other pollutant emission reductions are the subject of Euro 4 legislation from 2005, with Euro 5 and Euro 6 timetabled for the 2010 to 2012 time frame. Technologies to improve engine efficiency, reduce pollutant generation during the combustion process, and post-combustion treatments to reduce and remove pollutant species are highlighted. Engine efficiency improvements imply more, smaller particulates, with attendant post-combustion clean-up required. The development of alternative combustion modes and control strategies (for example mixed mode operation) are under development and expected to reach maturity. The technologies required for pollutant reduction are generally at the expense of CO2 reduction, and continuing vigilance is required for prioritising the needs.

Significant advances in engine and powertrain reliability and durability have been achieved in the past two decades and it is anticipated that this trend will continue. This has been possible from a combination of design for reliability and improvement in component quality. The ultimate goal is to achieve ‘self-diagnosing’ and ‘sealed for life’ engines, benefiting longer life, reduced pollution (from lubricant disposal), maintenance, cost and material consumption.

The engine and powertrain represents a significant proportion of vehicle cost. Technologies to reduce design and development time, and improve the manufacturing process, have a significant role to play in reducing time to market and costs as (well as increasing value), therefore improving competitiveness. Advanced computation techniques are required which will aid virtual engineering, in areas such as combustion emissions and calibration.

Weight savings to achieve fuel economy is a continuing requirement. Size reduction allows more flexibility in aerodynamic and safety designs. Application of new lightweight materials is a challenge, with value in use being a key parameter. Development of new materials will be constrained by the need to achieve legislated re-use and recycling targets, as well as performance under crash conditions.