Develop alternative and combined combustion modes. A significant change in emissions performance of engines will be required to make further reductions. Example technologies include the introduction of homogeneous charge compression ignition, (HCCI also known as controlled auto-ignition CAI), and multi-mode operation to optimise performance with respect to emissions. For HCCI/CAI in particular, control technologies to extend the operating speed and load cycle are required, linking fuel mixing and combustion sensing.

Improve emissions controls in response to legislative targets, social demand and to reduce the environmental burden associated with vehicles. Challenges include achievement of effectiveness through downsizing, waste energy recovery, low cost efficient post-combustion after treatment and particulate traps.

Downsizing of the powertrain system is required for efficiency, whilst improving power density to reduce weight, material usage, cost and space requirements. Challenges include boost technologies, novel thermal management, use of new materials and lightweight structures, lubricant performance, and reduction of parasitic losses through the use of `smart’, independently powered auxiliary equipment.

Virtual design, to increase speed to market, reduce technology and product development risks, reduce design and manufacturing costs, and to optimise integrated systems. Challenges include development of robust simulation, correlations and validation, development and application of knowledge bases, faster rollout of designs and products, and holistic tracking of attributes. Example technologies include simulation (of functional attributes, manufacture and tooling), knowledge-based design, virtual and self-calibration, integration of research and virtual engineering with marketing and business planning, and modularisation.

‘Zero’ servicing, to increase consumer convenience and to reduce costs (especially for trucks and buses) and environmental impact (disposal of used fluids). Challenges include improved tribology, condition monitoring, fault tolerance and self-diagnosis and repair. Example technologies include sensors, age-compensation control, onboard diagnostic systems, telematics, failure modelling and prediction, advanced lubricants, additives and filtration, coatings, bearing materials, design concepts, inhibition of corrosion and cracking, and advanced sealing / fastening systems.

Environment
The UK is committed to international protocols targeting significant reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to combat the perceived threat of global warming and its consequences. As the vehicle sector is a significant contributor to these emissions, development of engines and powertrains are required which will reduce their impact, by becoming more fuel-efficient. Targets are already in place for the UK passenger car fleet, and although no targets are set currently, commercial and off-highway vehicles are also required to make significant improvements as part of UK policy. The technologies covered by the E&PT thematic group will have a significant impact on the achievement of these requirements, though improvement in efficiencies and the development of advanced combustion modes and controls.

Health
Legislation continues to drive the reduction in pollutant levels associated with health risks, with Euro 4 applicable from 2005, and reduced pollutant levels planned in Euro 5 and Euro 6 likely in the 2010 to 2012 timeframe. Engine and powertrain efficiency improvements will also impact this achievement of these levels, as will technologies to reduce or eliminate pollutants post-combustion.

Economics
Reduction in ownership cost, operational and capital, is required both by the commercial sector and private users. Improved engine and powertrain efficiency coupled with the drive for increased maintenance intervals and longevity will benefit from the technology developments in the E&PT theme. Advances in manufacturing, including the use of computer modelling tools to give a virtual engineering capability, will aid development time and help contain capital costs.

Safety
Opportunities exist in linking advanced engine and powertrain controls to accident prevention and mitigation systems (as described in the ASSET technology theme), to benefit reduction in accidents and their effect.