Fuel cell and other new energy drive systems require parallel development of the electric and electronic systems for energy storage, engine management and control, power generation, conversion and transmission. Reduction of parasitic energy loss through independently driven auxiliary equipment gives opportunities, particularly if coupled with supplementary on-board alternative energy generation e.g. using photo-voltaic systems. High efficiency, low weight and low cost electric motors are required, as are efficient electrical storage systems capable of servicing the load cycle requirements of the vehicle.

The cost of oil derived fuels is continuing to rise, and as the global demand for energy depletes oil reserves, this trend is likely to increase in the longer term. Coupled with the need to reduce CO2 emissions which is providing a significant stimulus to improve engine efficiency, there will be pressures to move towards low- or neutral– carbon fuels such as bio-diesel and hydrogen. New fuels, vehicle systems and supply infrastructure need development in parallel, and a number of competing solutions are likely.

As well as the individual components of e.g. fuel cells, hybrid power units and drive systems, the integration of such systems into the vehicle infrastructure needs careful consideration. This needs to link into such themes as overall system thermal management, and the powering and deployment of auxiliary components.